bacillus licheniformis colony morphology

Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. Bacillus (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species.The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural Bacilli is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. Bacillus licheniformis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. Like all members of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is a rod-shaped bacterium that typically forms small clumps, short chains, or single cells. Practice all cards Practice all cards Practice all cards done loading. ; The cells of B. subtilis are Gram-positive motile rods that form ellipsoidal to cylindrical spores present centrally or paracentrally in the swollen sporangia. This protease is an active ingredient in laundry detergents, removing protein-comprised dirt in clothes. FIG. The bacteria release exoenzymes that hydrolyze the agar. Scientists have successfully used Bacillus subtilis bacteriocins to treat diabetic foot ulcers. 57. A bacterial rod is a symmetrical cylinder with rounded ends. Circular form, entire margin. Find common criteria that are used to characterize bacterial growth; Colony shape Size of the bacterial colony Appearance of the colony surface Consistency/Texture A. and Vicente A. ( 1974) . (2018). (Tasha Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 57: An unknown airborne environmental isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar. 33. The Gram stain, named after its developer Hans Christian Gram, is a method of morphologic identification. B. subtilis contains only one double-stranded DNA molecule contained within a circular chromosome. FIG. Sibakov M: Eur J Biochem: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09527.x: 1986 * Phylogeny: Isolation and the 5'-end nucleotide sequence of Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene. Bacillus subtilis bacteria have rigid cell walls composed of a thick peptidoglycan (sugar and amino acid molecule) called murein. B. subtilis is most commonly singular in arrangement. Gordon R.E., Haynes W.C., Pang C.H. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 55: Isolation of an Unknown Bacterium on Trypticase Soy Agar. B. licheniformis also is known for contaminating dairy products. A. Diagnosis was performed according to Gram stain, motility, shape forming, aerobic condition and other tests. cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Streak plate isolation showing colonial morphology of Bacillus cereus on trypticase soy agar (TSA) incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. Optimal growth of B. licheniformis occurs around 50C, but the organism can survive at much higher/lower temperatures for extended periods because it is spore-forming. (4). 2006 ). As a group, this bacteria is observed as jagged branches of opaque white or pale yellow fuzz. The bacterium was subcultured by cutting a chunk of the agar containing the organism and placing it in the middle of a TSA plate then incubating for 1 week at 37 C. Irregular form, undulate margin. (4) Salkinoja-Salonen S., Vuorio R., Andersson M.A., Kmpfer P., Andersson M.C., Honkanen-Buzalski T., and Scoging A.C. Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning.Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 October; 65(10): 46374645. Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus are some of the strains that are associated with food spoilage and with a wide range of different clinical conditions (Turnbull, 1997). Pasteurella multocida cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. FIG. B. licheniformis can also cause food-borne gastro-enteritis, which is infection of the gut that can lead to a life threatening condition called septicaemia. Part of colony demonstrating irregular form, lobate margin. The cells often occur in pairs and chains, where the cells are joined together by polysaccharides on the cell walls. Various organisms can grow on solid media. Food borne outbreaks usually involve cases of cooked meats and vegetables, raw milk, and industrially produced baby food contaminated with B. licheniformis. around the bird's chest area and back plumage. (6) It tends to form spores in soil which makes it desirable to be used for the industrial purposes such as the production of enzymes, antibiotics, and small metabolites. The isolated colonies were counted and the number of bacteria expressed as Log of Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g of CSS. Since it can grow in alkaline conditions, it produces a protease that can survive at high pH levels. White hyphal growth on the outer edges of the colony followed by: concentric rings of green grainy spore formation with exudate (water droplets resulting from respiration); white grainy spore formation; and finally a pinkish center. B. cereus food poisoning may occur when foods are prepared . The water droplets (exudate) that can be seen on the outer edges of the colony, not in the center, is a result of respiration. Bacillus subtilis, hay bacillus, or grass bacillus was one of the first Gram-positive bacteria to be studied. Serratia marcescens cultivated on Columbia agar. 3. Morphology of Bacillus subtilis. The probiotic effects of seven newly isolated gut bacteria, from the indegenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia were investigated. High capacity of secretion of the alkaline serine protease has made B. licheniformis one of the most important bacteria in industrial enzyme production. Bacillus subtilis PspoIIA-gfp viewed at low magnification. A characteristic strawberry-like odor is produced by some strains. Growth temperature from 15 C to 50-55 C. Bacitracin is composed of a mixture of the cyclic polypeptides that B. licheniformis produces; ironically the purpose of Bacitracin is to inhibit the growth of B. licheniformis. Optimal temperature for enzyme secretion is at human body temperature, 37C. Biologydictionary.net Editors. This gives researchers a lot of material to work with in the race to produce a bacteriocide that pathogenic bacteria do not become resistant to. Bacillus globigii at 22. (Tasha Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), 1752 N St. NW B. licheniformis has proved itself as a multipurpose organism and has gained popularity along with B. subtilis. Researchers culture and isolate this protease to add it into detergents. Cotyledonary necrosis and suppurative inflammation occur with fetal infection resulting from fetal bacteremia or ingestion of contaminated amniotic fluid. B. licheniformis produces a protease that can survive at high pH levels. Bacillus licheniformis is commonly associated with food spoilage and poisoning. Some toxins produced by B. licheniformis have been shown to cause food poisoning in humans. (7) Wecke T, Veith B, Ehrenreich A, Mascher T. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=13082, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/tech_docs/brad_006492.pdf, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus_licheniformis&oldid=61404. The optimal temperature for enzyme secretion is 37C. In addition to the oxidative degradation of zearalenone (ZEN) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), CotA laccase also has the ability to degrade the Alternaria toxin alternariol (AOH). Two colonies of Bacillus licheniformis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. There is current research on B. licheniformis (strain SB3086) and its effects as a microbial fungicide. The Research/Technology Invention Award 2006 was given to members of the BiotechGenoMik project on B. licheniformis; they invented a system for controlling industrial fermentation, which they named BioChip. FIG. FIG. Isolation of an unknown bacterium on trypticase soy agar (TSA) exhibiting spreading and rhizoid growth. The colony morphology of B. subtilis refers to how it appears in large quantities. B. licheniformis produces a variety of extracellular enzymes that are associated with the cycling of nutrients in nature. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 6: Lactobacillus plantarum morphology (Enlarged view). A high microbial density was observed at low NaCl concentration. Ohmic heating has potential uses such as blanching, evaporation and pasteurization of food; it is a high temperature, short time, and a purely bulk heating method. FIG. Irregular form, undulate margin. With a cell length of up to 4 m and a diameter of 1.5 m, B. megaterium is amongst the biggest known bacteria. B. subtilis and a few other bacteria types are abel to use polyethylene as their only carbon (energy) source. Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. Circular form. The death kinetics for B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 spores in cloudberry jam was examined under ohmic heat inactivation and conventional heat inactivation. FIG. 10 cards. Scientists at Newcastle University have been researching how the organism's ability to release an enzyme that breaks down external DNA may aid in breakdown of dental biofilms, or plaque. Biotechnol. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 3: Streptomyces albus morphology (Enlarged view). the colony characteristics under light microscope 19. A significant difference in pressure across the cytoplasmic membrane pushes the cell wall into a specific shape. Streak plate isolation of Micrococcus luteus on trypticase soy agar (TSA) incubated for 72 hours at 37oC. The cell wall of Bacillus licheniformis is composed of mucopeptide, which is made up of linear chains of alternating amino sugars and short peptide chains of 3-5 amino acids. 2003 Apr;69(4):2321-9. II. Addition of this enzyme to toothpastes, mouthwash, etc. 13. But, although similar to B. subtilis, they differ in the amount and location of prophages, transposable elements, extracellular enzymes, and secondary metabolic pathway operons. A colony is defined as a visible mass of microorganisms all originating from a single mother cell, therefore a colony constitutes a clone of bacteria all genetically alike. (Bobbi Pritt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Figure 11: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). 48. The pigment is opaque white-beige with a mucoid surface towards the center of the colony and a matte surface towards the edges. In comparison to the mucoid phenotype, it contains an attenuated polysaccharide capsule. morphology is variable, and may give the appearance of a mixed culture. FIG. (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 28: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). Death kinetics, in this case, involves the intensity of heat treatments and their correlation with the rate of death of a bacterium. The Bacillus is a heterogenous genera of bacteria with species that contain enormous antimicrobial compounds that act as agent of fighting several microbial diseases 8. It is a gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 4: Corynebacterium xerosis morphology (Enlarged view). (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 43: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). Microbiol. Image 8:The image shows the arrangement of cells, specifically coccus/cocci. 21. The image below shows how Gram-positive bacteria have a much thicker peptidoglycan layer (in purple). Iron-oxidizing Thiomonas-like bacteria isolated from mine waters. Non-pathogenic forms are often used in the biotechnology sector, including Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus cereus produces numerous enzymes and aggressins. It may have a putative impact on protease production and serve as target for strain improvement.[4]. 52. (3) Rey M.W., Ramaiya P., Nelson B.A., Brody-Karpin S.D., Zaretsky E.J., Tang M., Lopez de Leon A., Xiang H., Gusti V., Clausen I.G., Olsen P.B., Rasmussen M.D., Andersen J.T., Jorgensen P.L., Larsen T.S., Sorokin A., Bolotin A., Lapidus A., Galleron N., Ehrlich S.D., Berka R.M. Bacillus globigii at 37. Circular form, convex elevation, entire margin. (2020, July 17). New York, Academic Press. Bacillus are a genus of Gram-positive bacteria used as probiotics for animal and human consumption. B. licheniformis produces many extracellular enzymes, including proteases and lipases which aid in digestion of proteins and fats, respectively. Colony morphology of an organism is necessary for its identification. Streak plate isolation of a mixed broth culture showing colonial morphology of Escherichia coli (white colonies) and Micrococcus luteus (yellow colonies). Sibakov M, Palva I: Eur J Biochem: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08594.x: 1984 * Metabolism FIG. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It is particularly effective against Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Shigella sonnei. : #22892] Colony size: 5 - 8 mm: Information on culture and growth conditions Culture and growth conditions; Temperatures . (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 41: Kurthia morphology (Enlarged view). Pulvinate elevation. The colony exhibited an opaque yellow-orange pigment with a mucoid surface. They can grow as a white patch with a glossy surface. Specific strains are also used to produce peptide antibiotics like bacitracin and proticin, as well as some specialty chemicals, including citric acid, inosine, inosinic acid, and poly--glutamic acid [1]. Non-typical Bacillus strains may be very small and spore formation often fails to occur. (5), Bacillus licheniformis is a spore-forming soil organism that contributes to nutrient cycling and has antifungal activity. B. licheniformis is a Gram positive, spore-forming, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. Irregular form. FIG. Your email address will not be published. FIG. More than 200 Bacillus species exist; most do not cause disease. FIG. Feathers contain high amounts of non-digestible proteins, but researchers hope that, through fermentation with B. licheniformis, they can use waste feathers to produce cheap and nutritious feather meal to feed livestock. Volume I: Bacillus subtilis. (Bobbi Pritt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Figure 10: Streptococcus pneumoniae morphology (Enlarged view). Keratinolytic activities of B. licheniformis could aid in converting this by-product into a useful protein source for animal feed. (4, 6, 7, and 8). A wide diversity of physiological abilities is exhibited, ranging from psychrophilic to thermophilic, and acidophilic to alkaliphilic; some strains are salt tolerant and some are halophilic. 2023. Elevation it pertains to the cross-sectional shape of the colony or side view of the colony such as: Margin It pertains to the magnified shape of the colonys edge which includes: Opacity it pertains to the characteristics of the colony such as: Image 5: Images of the bacterial colony with a varying degree of pigmentation. The rod shape also helps bacteria glide or move through watery environments and provides regular building block shapes that make biofilm formation easier. An unknown airborne environmental isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar exhibiting a single circular colony. Because it is capable of forming endospores that can be easily disseminated, B. licheniformis can be isolated from a variety of places, though it is mainly associated with plant materials. There are often comma shaped projections from the colony edge producing a "Medusa-head" colony. 29. Its optimal growth temperature is 50C, but it can also survive at much higher temperatures. This page was last edited on 22 April 2011, at 19:15. 5. For which exoenzyme does this test? Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram positive spore-forming bacterial species of high biotechnological interest with numerous present and potential uses, including the production of bioactive compounds that are applied in a wide range of fields, such as aquaculture, agriculture, food, biomedicine, and pharmaceutical industries. Bacteria grow as colonies on solid media. (4). -Amylase from Bacillus licheniformis , lipase from porcine pancreas, proteinase from Tritirachium album, -chymotrypsin from porcine pancreas . These bacteria are commonly known to cause food poisoning and food spoilage. They vary in color, share, pigmentation, and other characteristics. It is also a facultative anaerobe. species and related bacteria in human faeces. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 16: Streptomyces albus morphology (Enlarged view). supplementation on the apparent ileal [18] Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination. 2006 May. "Seaweed could fight tooth decay scientists". Further analysis of the same strains by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization and API . On agar media: colonies become opaque with dull to rough surface, hair-like 17. FIG. Researchers are trying to recycle bird feathers by turning them into nutritious food for livestock. Under good conditions, the spores will germinate and produce vegetative cells. METABOLIC PROPERTIES 2011; 1(3): 120-126. IDENTIFICATION AND TAXONOMY A. Overview Bacillus licheniformis is a ubiquitous bacterium thought to be of importance in the environment as a contributor to nutrient Epub 2004 Sep 13. 50. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. The compound 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a bulk flavor and fragrance with a rose-like aroma that can be produced by microbial cell factories, but its cellular toxicity inhibits cellular growth and limits strain performance. Circular form, umbonate elevation. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 18: Kurthia morphology (Enlarged view). There is an increased interest in using a protease isolated from Bacillus licheniformis in laundry detergents. Toalhe must be used to read the results on this plate. Epub 2004 Sep 13. (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 27: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). This page was last edited on 4 December 2015, at 17:43. The sample was obtained from a floor swab and incubated at 37C for 48 hours. An arrangement is a microbiological term that refers to species-specific bacteria communities. In vivo bioassays were used to investigate the effects of each gut bacterium namely, Fructobacillus fructosus (T1), Proteus mirabilis (T2), Bacillus licheniformis (T3), Lactobacillus kunkeei (T4), Bacillus subtilis (T5), Enterobacter kobei (T6), and Morganella morganii . A taxonomical approach shows that it is closely related to B. subtilis (Lapidus et al., 2002; Xu and Cte, 2003; Rey et al., 2004). The Bacillus subtilis strain showed various colony growth patterns on the agar plate. FIG. Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3: The, Hoyles L., Honda H., Logan N.A., Halket G., La Ragione R., McCartney A.L., 2012. sparrows)and on the water (i.e. [12] Amylases are also synthesized by B. licheniformis and used for industrial purposes. Bacillus is one of the large genera of bacterial strains. Genome Biol. Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is a gram-positive, spore-forming rod, with colonies exhibiting a unique ground-glass appearance, and lacking hemolysis and motility.In addition to these phenotypes, several others traits are characteristic of B. anthracis such as susceptibility to gamma phage, the presence of two virulence plasmids (pX01 and pX02), and specific . 12. The future may provide a microplastics solution in the form of specific bacterial combinations where, in the same way as we combine cytotoxic drugs to fight specific forms of cancer, plastic-digesting combinations can be used to degrade different types of polyethylene. It is sold under the name Alcalase by Novozymes. It can exist in a dormant spore form to resist harsh environments, or in a vegetative state when conditions are good. [6][9] B. licheniformis is found in a wide variety of environments, but especially in soil and in the feathers of birds, where B. licheniformis degrades -keratin. However, the most interesting of this bacterias potential uses is as an antimicrobial drug alternative. ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. (3). B. pumilus contains one circular chromosome Each chromosomes having 4000 genes and 3600-3900 proteins . Spores occur in soil, on bird feathers and in ground dwelling birds and aquatic species; comprise the subtilis group, which has been associated with food-borne gastro-enteritis. Bacillus myoides at 22. B. licheniformis is also known to cause food poisoning in humans; especially high in contamination rates are products such as raw milk, dairy, vegetables, processed baby foods, and cooked meats. Also, cultures of B. licheniformis are made to retain its protease, which is in turn used in laundry detergent. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT) Figure 21: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). Biologydictionary.net Editors. It is an apathogenic soil organism that is mostly associated with plant and plant materials in nature. Colony morphology can sometimes be useful in bacterial identification. It is also used to produce bacitracin, a peptide topical and intramuscular antibiotic. 1965 February; 89(2): 415420. 56. Basic elements you can identify in a colony morphology include the following: Image 1: The image shows the colony morphology of bacteria. Since this bacterium grows in alkaline conditions, it produces a desirable protease that can survive at high pH levels. Unlike other bacilli which are predominately aerobic, B. licheniformis is a facultative anaerobe, which explains it's ability to grow in additional ecological niches and environments. The Molecular Biology of the Bacilli. [20], Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify Bacillus licheniformis from other bacteria and Bacillus species.[27]. Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative . 34. (Tasha L. Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 48: Colonial morphology of Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus. The bacterium is also used in the health and catering industries, especially when testing how clean certain work surfaces and materials are. While current research into intravenous, intranasal, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous bacteriocin drugs is still in the testing phase, these intracellular antibacterial agents have already arrived on supermarket shelves as B. subtilis-containing probiotic drinks or pills. There is also research about the possibility that B. licheniformis causes changes in color in birds' feathers; this will provide information on the evolution of molting. The isolates showing a different cell and colony morphology (Optical microscope, Axioskop 40 Zeiss) were picked and purified on the same agar medium. Bacillus subtilis PabrB-gfp after 14 days viewed at high magnification. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultivated on trypticase soy agar. B. licheniformis is a rod-shaped, gram positive motile bacterium. Small to medium-sized, semi-transparent, flat colonies. FIG. Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. A green discoloration on blood agar may appear. Circular form, entire margin. Because it is capable of forming endospores that can be easily disseminated, B. licheniformis can be isolated from a variety of places, though it is mainly associated with plant materials. B. licheniformis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, endospore-forming organism, which forms colonies of a moderate (2-4 mm) diameter, exceptionally variable in their appearance and often. Bacillus megaterium is a rod-like, , mainly aerobic spore forming bacterium found in widely diverse habitats. . The pathogenesis of Bacillus licheniformis, based on experimental studies, suggests there is localization in the placentomes after bacteremia. Species are identified by using morphologic and biochemical criteria. 43. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. the morphology of B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, . FIG. 38. By observing the colony of bacteria, the identity of bacteria will be determined. FIG. Eight strains each of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were analyzed by using pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Bacitracin lyses the proplasts of B. licheniformis in the presence of cadmium or zinc ions. 26. This present paper explores the ability. FIG. It transfers to the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans via the soil. FIG. Lancaster (PA), DEStech Publications. Abstract. Phylum Firmicutes, Class Bacilli, Order Bacillales, Family Bacillaceae, Genus Bacillus. B. licheniformis exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Curtis, A. 53. Bacterial colonies are groups of cells belonging to a clone grown either on the surface of the gel-type solid or embedded in it to absorb the nutrients from it. Cross-links between peptide chains create a crystal-lattice like structure [6]. The shape, morphology, and elemental distribution of the nanoparticles were analyzed by using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and elemental mapping with a JEM-2100F (JEOL, Tokyo . (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 38: Streptococcus salivarius morphology (Enlarged view). Weakly umbonate elevation. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. Privacy Policy sets forth the information we collect about you, how we use (4). Colonies are described based on size, shape, texture, elevation, pigmentation, and effect on growth medium. Colony morphology of an organism is necessary for its identification. Complete genome sequence of the industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis and comparisons with closely related Bacillus species. Pulvinate elevation. Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, "RNA-Seq of Bacillus licheniformis: active regulatory RNA features expressed within a productive fermentation", "Comparative growth analysis of the facultative anaerobes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Escherichia coli", "Identification and High-level Production of Pulcherrimin in Bacillus licheniformis DW2", "Prevalence and genetic diversity of Bacillus licheniformis in avian plumage", "Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation", "Stability of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis RP1 in commercial solid laundry detergent formulations", "Biotechnological applications of Bacillus licheniformis", "On the industrial use of Bacillus licheniformis: a review", "Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Bacillus licheniformis in Drinking Water", "The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens", "Bacillus strains as human probiotics: characterization, safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier", "Unravelling the genetic basis for competence development of auxotrophic Bacillus licheniformis 9945A strains", "Combined Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis infection in a patient with oesophageal perforation", "Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning", "Postoperative neurosurgical infections due to bacillus species", "[Bacillary endophthalmitis.